A Filter hook in WordPress allows you get and modify WordPress data before it is sent to the database or the browser. Some examples of filters would include customizing how excerpts are displayed or adding some custom code to the end of a blog post or headings.
An Action hook in WordPress is a hook that is triggered at a specific time when WordPress is running and lets you take an action. This can include things like creating a widget when WordPress is initializing or sending a Tweet when someone publishes a post.
There are two types hooks are available in WordPress, action hooks and filter hooks They allow the user to, with short snippets of code, modify areas in a theme or plugin without modifying the original file.
Posts and Pages are the two content types in WP. Posts are timed and listed in chronological order with the latest posts at the top. Posts are meant to be shared and commented on. Pages are static are static content, so an about us, contact us page etc. They are permanent and timeless entries.